BOEKEN | TIJDSCHRIFTEN | RAPPORTEN
Global Citizen Deliberation on Artificial Intelligence: Options and design considerations
door Tim Davies, 18 september 2024
'This report explores how global citizen deliberation (...) could and should shape the future of artificial intelligence. Drawing on an extended design lab of in-depth interviews and workshops that took place in mid-2024, it presents a series of options that illustrate a variety of opportunities to bring the voices of those affected by AI development and deployment into decision-making spaces, through processes that can deliver informed and inclusive dialogue. (...) We present the strengths and weaknesses of these options, and outline additional design considerations they give rise to around recruitment, governance, agenda-setting, transnational dialogue and aggregation of findings, and the use of AI as a delivery tool.'
Assembling an Assembly Guide | pdf
DemocracyNext, september 2023 (72 blz)
'to equip everyone with the principles and practices necessary to organize a successful Citizens' Assembly in their context — in a sense, to help democratise the creation of Assemblies themselves.'
Six ways to democratise city planning - Enabling thriving and healthy cities | pdf
DemocracyNext, 2024
'enriching and expanding how we engage with people by creating a deeper culture of engagement that can enable the conditions for a systemic, structural shift.'
Ook beschikbaar in het Frans en Spaans
The European Citizens' Assembly: Designing the missing branch of the EU | samenvatting
auteurs: Carsten Berg, Claudia Chwalisz, Kalypso Nicolaidis en Yves Sintomer, september 2023 (33 blz)
'In this paper, we outline why we need a European Citizens’ Assembly — a political institution of everyday people from across the European Union (EU) selected by sortition — why it should share real power with the other institutions of the EU, its core principles and design features, and we suggest pathways for implementation.'
Circular Power Politics: A Politician’s Guide to Five Opportunities to Lead With and For the People | pdf
door: Apolitical Foundation, Berlijn, 2023
"All over the world, we see a new way of doing politics taking shape. 'Circular Power Politics' sees politician and citizen power joining together to create ongoing and reciprocal cycles of communication and collaboration between elections. In an age marked by growing authoritarianism and political challenges, this guide provides actionable insights and strategies to strengthen democracies and rebuild trust between politicians and citizens. It draws on successful global examples for fostering citizen-politician engagements such as citizens’ assemblies, participatory budgeting, and digital crowdsourcing."
Institutionalizing deliberative mini-publics? Issues of legitimacy and power for randomly selected assemblies in political systems
auteur: Dimitri Courant, Critical Policy Studies, 180 blz, 2022
'Randomly selected deliberative mini-publics (DMPs) are on the rise globally. However, they remain ad hoc, opening the door to arbitrary manoeuvre and triggering a debate on their future institutionalization. What are the competing proposals aiming at institutionalizing DMPs within political systems? I suggest three ways for thinking about institutionalization: in terms of temporality, of legitimacy and support, and of power and role within a system. First, I analyze the dimension of time and how this affect DMP institutional designs. Second, I argue that because sortition produces ‘weak representatives’ with ‘humility-legitimacy’, mini-publics hardly ever make binding decisions and need to rely on external sources of legitimacies. Third, I identify four institutional models, relying on opposing views of legitimacy and politics: tamed consultation, radical democracy, representative klerocracy and hybrid polyarchy. They differ in whether mini-publics are interpreted as tools: for legitimizing elected officials; to give power to the people; or as a mean to suppress voting.'
Draagvlak voor het burgerforum
auteurs: Josje den Ridder, Toine Fiselier (RU) en Carolien van Ham (RU), 4 november 2021 (40 blz)
Een opinieonderzoek van de Radboud Universiteit (RU) en het Sociaal Cultureel Planbureau (SCP) dat laat zien dat een ruime meerderheid het idee van een burgerforum steunt. Uit het onderzoek komt ook naar voren dat er meer steun is voor een lokaal dan een nationaal burgerforum.
Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic Institutions: Catching the Deliberative Wave | Spaanse versie (pdf) | Japanse versie
OESO, 2020 (198 blz)
'This report has gathered close to 300 representative deliberative practices to explore trends in such processes, identify different models, and analyse the trade-offs among different design choices as well as the benefits and limits of public deliberation. It includes Good Practice Principles for Deliberative Processes for Public Decision Making (...). Finally, the report explores the reasons and routes for embedding deliberative activities into public institutions to give citizens a more permanent and meaningful role in shaping the policies affecting their lives.'
Eight ways to institutionalise deliberative democracy
OECD Public Governance Policy Papers, No. 12, 14 December 2021
'Increasingly, public authorities are reinforcing democracy by making use of deliberative processes in a structural way, beyond one-off initiatives that are often dependent on political will. The guide provides examples of how to create structures that allow representative public deliberation to become an integral part of how certain types of public decisions are taken.'
OECD Guidelines for Citizen Participation Processes
OECD Public Governance Reviews, 24 September 2022
'intended for any public official or public institution interested in carrying out a citizen participation process. The guidelines describe ten steps for designing, planning, implementing and evaluating a citizen participation process, and discuss eight different methods for involving citizens: information and data, open meetings, public consultations, open innovation, citizen science, civic monitoring, participatory budgeting and representative deliberative processes. The guidelines are illustrated with examples as well as practical guidance built on evidence gathered by the OECD. Finally, nine guiding principles are presented to help ensure the quality of these processes.'
Democracy Through Multi-Body Sortition: Athenian Lessons for the Modern Day
auteur: Terrill Bouricius, Journal of Public Deliberation, 2013
Samenvatting: 'Mature Classical Athenian democracy is presented as a representative system, rather than the commonly described form of “direct democracy.” When viewed in this way, the commonly assumed problem of scale in applying Athenian democracy to modern nation states is solved, and principles and practices of the Athenian model of democracy continue to have relevance today. The key role of sortition (selection by lot) to form multiple deliberative bodies is explained. Five dilemmas faced by modern proposals for the use of sortition are examined. Finally, a new model of lawmaking using multiple allotted bodies is presented, which resolves these dilemmas and which can be implemented in many ways, from a small addition to an existing system to a more fundamental reform such as replacing one or both elected chambers of a legislature.'
Against Elections: The Lottocratic Alternative
auteur Alexander A. Guerrero, Philosophy & Public Affairs, 2014
'It is widely accepted that electoral representative democracy is better—along a number of different normative dimensions—than any other alternative lawmaking political arrangement. It is not typically seen as much of a competition: it is also widely accepted that the only legitimate alternative to electoral representative democracy is some form of direct democracy, but direct democracy—we are told—would lead to bad policy. This article makes the case that there is a legitimate alternative system—one that uses lotteries, not elections, to select political officials— that would be better than electoral representative democracy.'
Legislature by Lot: Envisioning Sortition within a Bicameral System
auteurs: John Gastil en Erik Olin Wright, Politics & Society, 2018
'In this article, we review the intrinsic democratic flaws in electoral representation, lay out a set of principles that should guide the construction of a sortition chamber, and argue for the virtue of a bicameral system that combines sortition and elections. We show how sortition could prove inclusive, give citizens greater control of the political agenda, and make their participation more deliberative and influential. We consider various design challenges, such as the sampling method, legislative training, and deliberative procedures. We explain why pairing sortition with an elected chamber could enhance its virtues while dampening its potential vices. In our conclusion, we identify ideal settings for experimenting with sortition.'
It’s Not Just the Taking Part that Counts: ‘Like Me’ Perceptions Connect the Wider Public to Minipublics
auteurs: J. Pow, L. van Dijk en S. Marien, Journal of Deliberative Democracy, 14 oktober 2020
Loting krijgt vaak als kritiek dat de gelote groep miniem is vergeleken met de totale populatie waardoor het inzetten van gelote burgers nooit legitiem kan zijn. Dit onderzoek laat zien dat de grote groep niet-deelnemende burgers de burgerberaden als legitiem beschouwen als deze niet-deelnemers vinden dat de gelote burgers op hen lijken en politici juist níet op hen lijken.
Against modernist illusions: why we need more democratic and constructivist alternatives to debunking conspiracy theories
auteur: Jaron Harambam, 2021
In dit wetenschappelijke artikel legt de Nederlandse socioloog Harambam uit dat het ontmaskeren van samenzweringstheorieën niet onmogelijk, onprofessioneel, en niet effectief is. Hij stelt voor om - naast wetenschappelijke deskundigen - ook gelote burgerforums in te zetten.
Next level EU citizen participation
Van 27 tot en met 30 oktober 2020 vond er een online burgerberaad plaats van gelote burgers uit Denemarken, Duitsland, Ierland, Italië en Litouwen. Het werd georganiseerd door de Bertelsmannstichting en de Europese Commissie. EU-burgerberaden worden al gehouden sinds 2012, maar voor het eerst gebeurde het nu online en op basis van loting, en konden burgers uit verschillende EU-landen in hun eigen taal, met behulp van vertalers, met elkaar in gesprek. Download het rapport, of bekijk de webinar. Zie ook het eerdere rapport Europäische Demokratie gestalten over het beraad met burgers uit Polen, Frankrijk en Duitsland in maart 2020 in Berlijn.
Designing a Permanent Deliberative Citizens’ Assembly - The Ostbelgien Modell in Belgium
auteurs: Christoph Niessen en Min Reuchamps, 2019 (pdf, 29 blz)
'In this paper, we aim at explaining how the initiative was born, how the model was designed and how it is implemented. In our analysis of the political process, we provide twelve factors to explain why such an advanced model of citizen deliberation came into existence.'
Designing Deliberative Democracy: The British Columbia Citizens’ Assembly | Amazon.nl
auteurs: Mark Warren en Hilary Pearse, 2008 (252 blz)
In 2004 werden 160 gelote burgers in staat gesteld om het kiessysteem van de Canadese provincie British Columbia te hervormen. Hiermee kregen gelote burgers voor het eerst in de moderne geschiedenis de mogelijkheid om het politieke systeem zélf te veranderen.
Citizens' Assemblies; Democracy that Works
auteur: Marcin Gerwin, 2018 (88 blz)
gratis downloads; beschikbaar in het Engels, Spaans, Frans, Duits, Italiaans en Pools
Citizens’ White Paper
auteurs: Miriam Levin, Polly Curtis, Sahar Castell, Hana Kapetanovic, juli 2024 (79 blz)
Demos en Involve
'Our Citizens’ White Paper sets out why, when and how the government could embed citizen involvement in national policy making to tackle the complex and potentially divisive challenges facing our country and deliver on the Prime Minister’s promise to restore trust in politics.'
Democracy in a Pandemic: Participation in Response to Crisis
auteurs: Graham Smith, Tim Hughes, Lizzie Adams en Charlotte Obijiaku, juli 2021
University of Westminster Press
gratis downloadbaar als pdf, epub en mobi
Between militant democracy and citizen vigilantism: Using citizens’ assemblies to keep parties democratic
auteurs: Tore Vincents Olsen en Juha Tuovinen, december 2023 (pdf, 22 blz)
Cambridge University Press
'This article argues for sortition-based citizens’ assemblies (CAs) organized in and by civil society to formulate democratic standards for political parties to follow, to evaluate them individually and to criticize them publicly if they do not.'
What if We Selected our Leaders by Lottery? Democracy by Sortition, Liberal Elections and Communist Revolutionaries
auteur: Alpa Shah (open access, mei 2021)
'(...) about sortition and democracy as practiced by the Munda and Oraon people living in a relatively remote, forested area of eastern India in the state of Jharkhand.'
'(...) this article compares three different models of leadership and democracy: liberal electoral democracy; Marxist-Leninist Maoist democracy; and democracy by sortition — the random selection of rotating leaders. The significance of sortition is introduced into discussions of democracy in India (showing connections with practices in Nepal and China) as part of a broader attempt to make scholarship on South Asia more democratic. (...) The final aim of the article is to highlight the virtues of the potential of sortition in creating democratic society globally. How we think about democracy and leadership is thus turned on its head to provide a new vision for the future.'